随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，亚太地区作为全球经济增长的核心引擎之一，正面临着日益严峻的环境挑战。气候问题究竟对亚太地区的发展产生了怎样的影响？各国应如何通过气候治理提升气候韧性？又该如何在推动经济增长与落实气候行动之间找到平衡？针对以上问题，新浪财经对话了亚洲开发银行（Asian Development Bank，以下简称“亚行”）气候变化和可持续发展局局长布鲁诺·卡拉斯科（Bruno Carrasco）。
卡拉斯科指出，亚太地区在全球温室气体排放中占比超过一半，且极易受到自然灾害和气候变化的冲击，这些因素对社区造成了巨大的破坏。因此，亚行将气候行动列为战略重点之一，通过与发展中成员体的紧密合作，推动可持续的经济发展模式。
在能源、交通和农业等领域，卡拉斯科表示，亚行通过政策改革、投资和技术援助，助力各国实现深度脱碳目标。例如，在能源领域，推动燃煤电厂提前退役或转型，促进清洁能源的发展；在交通领域，助力各国发展低碳交通系统；在农业领域，实施高影响力的干预措施，以应对气候变化对农业生产的威胁。此外，亚行还根据不同国家的发展现状开展有针对性的项目。例如，在中国推进了改善京津冀地区空气质量项目，以促进区域生态、经济和社会的协同发展。
多边主义在全球应对气候变化进程中发挥着关键作用。唯有加强合作、协调政策、共享资源，才能有效应对这一跨国界的共同挑战。作为区域性开发银行，亚行将持续把环境与社会因素纳入投资决策，提升社区韧性，实现可持续繁荣。
以下为对话实录：
Q：我们了解到，亚行在推动亚太地区可持续发展方面一直发挥着重要作用。在您看来，环境相关问题对亚太地区造成了哪些影响？亚行采取了哪些策略和措施来应对这些影响？
A：亚太地区在全球温室气体排放中占比超过一半，且极易受到自然灾害的冲击，尤其是与气候变化相关的灾害。这些灾害对社区造成严重破坏，夺走生命、摧毁生计，并削弱减贫成果。鉴于此，亚行将气候行动列为五大战略重点之一。我们正与亚太地区发展中成员体紧密合作，通过减缓和适应行动帮助其实现气候目标，并向低碳、气候韧性和可持续发展有效转型。
Q：亚太地区作为全球温室气体主要排放源之一，减排任务艰巨。亚行计划如何推动能源、交通、建筑和农业等多个领域深度脱碳，以实现1.5°C的温控目标？
A：亚行持续助力亚太地区能源、交通、建筑及住房等领域的发展，并着力推动低碳转型。我们也正通过投资建设气候适应型基础设施、修复和保护关键生态系统，以及增强脆弱社区抵御气候和环境风险能力，全面提升区域韧性。亚行与政府和私营部门密切合作，通过政策改革、投资和技术援助赠款，助力落实国家自主贡献（NDCs）。下面我将分享一些具体实践案例。
在能源领域，亚行通过扩大可再生能源的部署、提升发电、供热制冷及能源密集型工业和建筑能效，加速向可持续、低碳和韧性能源系统转型。旗舰倡议“能源转型机制”（ETM）支持提前淘汰或者改造燃煤电厂，为清洁能源、电网现代化和储能领域的新投资铺平道路。印度尼西亚作为ETM倡议的先行者，正在与亚行及其他合作伙伴共同开展相关投资。目前，亚行还与哈萨克斯坦、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、越南等亚洲多个国家开展不同层次的合作，探索如何通过ETM满足其独特的能源需求并支持整体经济发展。
在交通领域，亚行采用“避免—转移—改进”战略，重点发展低碳多式联运系统、电动出行及提升交通基础设施气候韧性。例如，在印度的泰米尔纳德邦，亚行支持建设现代化地铁系统，同时改善多式联运衔接。这将实现包容性城市升级改造与城市交通改善的有机结合，扩大就业和社会经济服务获取，遏制城市无序扩张，减少对机动车的依赖。
在农业领域，热应激、反复发生的洪水和严重的干旱给农业生产带来了沉重负担，危及就业、生计甚至粮食安全。亚行重点关注农业价值链、灌溉与水资源管理以及基于自然的解决方案等高影响力干预措施。例如在中国，亚行帮助建立生态系统保护的制度能力和知识，改善农村环境基础设施和生态保护商业机会，并示范气候智慧型绿色乡村发展的综合效益。
中国湖南省南洞庭湖湿地生态修复与可持续发展项目（图片来源：亚洲开发银行）
Q：亚行在亚太地区实施了众多项目，以支持各发展中成员体应对气候变化和推动可持续发展。能否请您分享其中最具代表性的成功案例？这些项目实施过程中遇到哪些挑战，又是如何克服的？
A：有两个典型案例。第一个是中国泛京津冀地区空气质量改善多年期规划项目。该项目成功将PM2.5浓度降低40%，每年减少500万吨二氧化碳排放，撬动15亿美元的商业联合融资，并投资5亿美元于显著降低化石燃料消耗的清洁能源和能效项目。目前，我们正积极向巴基斯坦、印度和蒙古等国家分享这一经验，帮助应对类似空气质量和可持续性挑战。该项目展示了我们提供综合性、可扩展气候解决方案的能力，并通过区域知识共享确保优秀经验教训得以在亚太地区推广。
蒙古乌兰巴托空气质量改善项目（图片来源：亚洲开发银行）
第二个是乌兹别克斯坦太阳能发电项目。亚行支持100兆瓦并网太阳能光伏电站的建设和运营，并最终将其移交给当地。这是亚行在该国资助的首个私营部门可再生能源项目，为未来私营部门参与可再生能源领域提供了范例。该项目增加了国内电网的可再生能源供应，创造了就业机会，促进了当地经济发展，并改善了借款方女性的发展机会。
Q：当前，国际上存在一些反对气候治理的声音，认为这不是高度优先级事项。您如何看待这种观点？您认为关注气候变化真能帮助金融机构更好地管理风险并实现正向收益吗？亚行在项目投资决策中是如何平衡经济增长与环境保护的？
A：亚行高度重视发展中成员体的发展诉求。通过结构化、多层次的方法，我们在项目投资的决策中平衡经济增长与环境保护，确保每个项目都符合发展和环境目标。亚行采用《环境和社会框架》确保项目符合环境社会要求，实现可持续发展并赋能社区。所有项目均经过气候风险筛查，评估气候变化脆弱性，并确保将韧性建设措施纳入项目设计和融资。
以下为英文访谈原文：
Q: We understand that the ADB has been playing an important role in promoting sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region. In your view, what impact have environmental issues had on the Asia-Pacific region? What strategies and measures has ADB taken to address these impacts?
A: Asia and the Pacific contributes over half of global greenhouse gas emissions and is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, including from climate-related events. These disasters take a terrible toll on communities. They can destroy lives and livelihoods, and undermine gains in poverty reduction. At ADB, climate action is one of our five strategic focus areas. We are working with our developing member countries across the region to help them achieve climate outcomes through mitigation and adaptation operations, and make an effective transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient, and sustainable development.
Q: The Asia-Pacific region is one of the major sources of global greenhouse gas emissions, and the task of emission reduction is formidable. How does the Asian Development Bank plan to promote deep decarbonization across various sectors such as energy, transportation, buildings, and agriculture to achieve the 1.5°C temperature control target?
A: ADB is providing support in Asia and the Pacific for development improvements in energy, transportation, buildings, and housing, but in a way that lowers carbon emissions. We are deepening our investments to build greater resilience by strengthening infrastructure, restoring and protecting ecosystems, and helping vulnerable communities adapt to a world of intensifying climate and environmental risks. We work closely with governments and the private sector through policy reforms, investments, and technical assistance grants to help them implement their climate targets. Let me share a few examples.
In several countries we are now helping accelerate the transition to sustainable, low-carbon, and resilient energy systems by scaling up renewable energy deployment and driving energy efficiency improvements across power generation, heating and cooling, and energy-intensive industries and buildings. A flagship initiative called the Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM) is enabling the early retirement or repurposing of coal-fired power plants, and this is unlocking new investments in clean energy, grid modernization, and energy storage. Indonesia has been the "first mover" and is working with ADB and other partners on ETM investments. At present, ADB is at varying levels of engagement with Kazakhstan, Pakistan, the Philippines, Viet Nam, and other countries in Asia to explore how ETM can address their unique energy sector needs and support overall economic development.
We also promote decarbonization in the transport sector. Our approach is guided by an avoid–shift–improve strategy. Some of our priorities include low-carbon, multimodal transport systems, electric mobility, and enhancing the climate resilience of transport infrastructure. In Tamil Nadu in India, for example, we are supporting the construction of a modern metro system while helping improve intermodal connectivity. This will create connections between inclusive urban renewal measures and urban mobility improvements, expand access to jobs and socioeconomic services, curb urban sprawling, and reduce dependency on motorized vehicles.
In the agriculture sector, heat stress, reoccurring floods, and periods of intense drought are placing a heavy burden on agriculture production. This puts jobs, livelihoods, and even food security at risk. ADB is focused on high-impact interventions across agribusiness value chains, irrigation and water resource management, and nature-based solutions. One example is in the People's Republic of China (PRC) where we are helping build institutional capacity and knowledge for ecosystem protection, improving rural environment infrastructure and business opportunities in ecosystem protection, and also demonstrating the benefits of climate-smart green rural development.
Q: The Asian Development Bank has implemented numerous projects to support countries in the Asia-Pacific region in addressing climate change and sustainable development. Could you share some of the most representative success stories? What challenges were encountered during the implementation of these projects, and how were they overcome?
A: Two projects come to mind. The first is again in PRC. It's a multiyear program to improve air quality in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. The program helped cut PM2.5 concentrations by 40% and avoid 5 million tons of CO₂ emissions annually. It also mobilized $1.5 billion in commercial co-financing and invested $500 million in clean energy and efficiency projects which significantly reduced fossil fuel consumption. We are now actively sharing this experience to other countries, including Pakistan, India, and Mongolia, to help them tackle similar air quality and sustainability challenges. This program demonstrates our ability to deliver integrated, scalable climate solutions and foster regional knowledge-sharing to ensure good lessons and experiences can be replicated across Asia and the Pacific.
The second example is in Uzbekistan where ADB supported a solar power project involving the development, construction, operation, and transfer of a 100 MW grid-connected solar photovoltaic power plant. It was the first private sector renewable energy project financed by ADB in the country and serves as a model for future private sector participation in the renewable energy sector. The project increased the delivery of renewable energy to the domestic grid and created jobs, helped the local economy, and improved opportunities for women in the borrower's operations.
Q: Currently, there are voices internationally that oppose climate governance, arguing that it is not a high-priority issue. What is your view on this perspective? Do you believe that focusing on climate change can truly help financial institutions manage risks and achieve positive returns? How does the Asian Development Bank balance economic growth and environmental protection when making project investment decisions?
A: ADB is focused on meeting the development needs indicated by its Developing Member Countries. It balances economic growth and environmental protection through a structured, multi-layered approach in its project investment decisions. We ensure that every project aligns with both development and environmental goals. ADB applies an Environmental and Social Framework to ensure that our projects comply with environmental and social requirements to achieve sustainable development and empower communities. All of our projects also undergo climate risk screening to assess vulnerability to climate change and ensure resilience-building measures are integrated into design and financing.